BRENT'S LECTURE

    At the test, I got the highest points at integration (6 points) and the lowest at results (0 point), that is, the test shows that I am an integration type not the results type. I am satisfied with the fact because that describes me well (I tend to consider others more than pursuing the result).

    It is interesting to find that Brent and Ken and I have different types. I could accept smoothly that Brent was development type and I was integration type, but could not believe Ken was baser type because he is a teacher who leads students. I want Ken to take a more thorough test to reveal what type he actually is. He looks integration type... Anyway, I realized that there are various people in the world. I assume that many Japanese people are integration type or baser type because Japanese are said to be modest.

    Development type and result type seem to be favorable for leaders because creativity and the ability for goal achievement are required to leaders, but I wonder whether there are historical leaders or executive heads who are not those types.

    Brent's lecture was really interesting. Thank you!

MARSHMALLOW CHALLENGE

●Marshmallow Challenge itself
    At the first try, we were thinking too carefully how to construct the spaghetti, so we could not have enough time to put it into practice. However, after listening to Rab, we tried to move our hands even without any plans. Thanks to that, we could complete it barely which was pretty better than the first one. Usually I do not do something recklessly, so it was actually hard for me to keep moving, but one of the members said "move your hands" to us, which I think helped me a lot when my move stopped unconsciously. As I wrote before, I thought Shackleton's "Do something tentatively" is important to achieve something. Although we could not make a high tower, it was really fun!

●TED about Marshmallow Challenge
    I was surprised that kindergarten children were doing well at Marshmallow Challenge. From that, I realized that creativity was spoiled by the society as people grew up because probably people are forced to change their way of thinking consciously or unconsciously in order to fit the society. At school, people learn the common sense, but that will uniform everyone and deprive their creativity. The way to educate which not only teach the common knowledge but also keep the creativity is required, I think.



Sorry, I cannot put some picture images now.

SHACKLETON CH 10

●Encourage relentless creativity at the edge

   During the expedition, not only Shackleton but also the members never gave up the hope for going back home, and tried to propose creative ideas as many as possible for survival. Above all, the photographer Frank Hurley and the carpenter McNeish whom Shackleton regarded as troublemakers produced a lot of interesting ideas. For example, Hurley could come up with an idea to make the bilge pump from the Flinders bar because he was familiar with metal. McNeish thought of repairing the frozen canvas by using the nails which were originally used for packing cases.

   I found that troublemakers have something special which ordinary people do not have such as creativity instead of the inability to maintain the mood in the group. Generally, people tend to exclude such problematic people to keep the group stability in two meanings. 1) By removing troublemakers from the group, members can get rid of the likely problem caused by the troublemakers. Moreover, 2) by doing so, members can feel to be accepted and also accept others as members of the group from the fact that they are not excluded.

   However, to reject such troublers means to lose the possibility of enjoying their unimaginable gifts. Especially at the edge, the existence of those people is very important to find the creative solutions. Therefore, to make a comfortable condition where exclusion do not happen is really important.

(Now I think Shackleton dared to choose troublemakers as the crew members because he knew those people would exert the unbelievable power under the severe condition which was fresh for normal members...)

SHACKLETON CH 8

●Find something to celebrate

   Even during the terrible expedition, Shackleton let the members celebrate some days, which made the positive mood. For example, on Empire Day on May 24, they honored their country by singing in the Ritz. Moreover, surprisingly Shackleton regarded the day as a festal day when they started the expedition just one year ago, which day many people must want to avoid to remember because if the expedition went along the original plan, they had already reached home at the time, so basically the day would not the festival but the disappointing day. As this shows, Shackleton thought even the negative day as a positive day.

   I love this idea to make festive days as a few amusements under the hardship. However, I do not like to celebrate the original holidays such as Empire Day. I might be depressed by the celebration because I would think that people in the hometown might be more enjoying delicious food with lovely family in the warm house on the festal day especially Christmas. Therefore I think we do not have to celebrate something on the festival days, but it is good to set up some joyful days in which we can forget the terrible condition by enjoying something. There might be some crews who think in that way, but everyone celebrate some days as Shackleton did because probably they believed they could go home by following the leader. Therefore I really admire Shackleton's leadership which has power to move even the opponents.

INTRODUCTION

Teacher's leadership for extermination of bullying

    Bullying is a serious problem all over the world today. When asked for the solution of bullying, people will come up with some ways such as ethic education or strict punishment. However, there is another key to decreasing bullying; teacher's behavior. According to Shinkichi Sugimori, who is a professor of Tokyo Gakugei University, teacher’s character is highly connected with bullying, that is, teacher's behavior has a big impact on whether students bully someone or not. So, if teachers as classroom leaders try to have a fine attitude, it is possible to create a school environment where bullying is not likely to occur.
    However, what is the fine attitude? According to PM theory which a social psychologist Misumi proposed in order to describe what the favorable leader is, people who have both P (Performance function which is for goal achievement) and M (Maintenance function which is for group stability) strongly tend to work well as a leader. Applying this theory to teachers, Fujihara and Ohki report that teachers who show P and M highly seem to make a comfortable school climate in which students are getting along with one another. It can be said that PM teachers as leaders in classroom can contribute to the extermination of bullying.
    This paper will show how bullying is a serious problem and the importance of teacher's behavior as a key to suppressing bullying. Firstly, it will identify what bullying is and how bullying is terrible. Secondly, it will introduce PM theory to show the leader's impact on the group mood. Lastly, it will present how teacher's behavior affects students in order to show the possibility to get rid of bullying from school.